Civil War

The powerful lithograph, Civil War, was created by the French master Édouard Manet (1832-1883) between 1871 and 1873, and printed by the celebrated Parisian firm Lemercier et Compagnie. This pivotal work is classified as a fine art print executed in black ink, utilizing the delicate, sophisticated technique of chine collé. In this process, the image is printed on a thin, delicate ivory chine paper (here noted to contain red and blue fibers), which is then permanently laid down onto a heavier ivory wove paper support during printing. The complex medium is further enhanced by Manet's subtle use of scraping, which manipulates the tonal range to heighten the dramatic contrasts characteristic of the subject matter.

Produced in the aftermath of the devastating Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent violent suppression of the Paris Commune, the title Civil War refers directly to the intense internal conflict and bloodshed witnessed in France during 1871. Manet, known for his commitment to depicting modern life, focused many of his works during this troubled era on documenting the destruction and tragedy he observed firsthand. This piece reflects his shift to the immediate medium of prints during this period, allowing him to quickly disseminate his observations of contemporary events and Parisian tragedy.

As one of the most significant French artists of the 19th century, Manet’s graphic works are highly valued documents of social and political history. His innovative treatment of light and shadow, combined with the expressive spontaneity offered by the lithographic process, secured his place in the history of modern art. Today, this important impression of the work resides in the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago, providing scholars and the public an invaluable view into the graphic oeuvre of Manet.